Building record 5046/1/2 - Church of St Mary the Virgin

Great Houghton parish church built in 1754, replacing a medieval church. The church was designed by David Hiorne of Warwick and altered in 1878 by E C Hakewill. The church consists of a nave, sanctuary and west steeple. Summary from record 5046/1/1: The Church of the Assumption was taken down in 1754 and replaced by St Mary's Church (5046/1/2)

{1} [Former list description] 1754, attributed to David Hiorne of Warwick, altered 1878 E C Hakewill. Nave, sanctuary, west steeple. Ashlar, round headed windows altered to Norman. C19 south porch. Venetian east window. Spire virtually rebuilt 1971. Interior: chequer grey and white marble sanctuary floor, rails with turned balusters, arch flanked by matching wall monuments by Cox of Northampton, 1778 and 1782, both in grey and white marble, some Siena marble on right. 2 similar monuments, 1825 and 1833. Modillion nave cornice. Church of St Mary, The Old Rectory and Rectory Dovecote form a group.

{3} The church of THE ASSUMPTION, which was described by Bridges as consisting of chancel, body, and two aisles, with an embattled tower 'in the midst', was found to be 'greatly decayed' in 1753, and in the following year was taken down and rebuilt in 'a plain, decent, and commodius manner, without unnecessary ornament'.

{8} The present church was built in 1754-5. The medieval church which it replaced was recorded by Bridges. It consisted of a Chancel, Nave and South aisles and, less usual for the area, a central Tower. The N. aisle seems to have run the whole length of the church. To the S. of the tower was a transverse aisle or S. transept. The N. and S. elevations of the nave are each of three bays with the centre bay advanced and crowned by a pediment. The windows were formerly plain and round-headed but in 1875/8 they were altered to have two lights divided by a shaft. The centre bay on the S. side formerly had a bracketed doorcase and a thermal window above but these have been removed and the facade obscured by a tall, gabled porch. The chancel has a simple hipped roof and in the E. wall a Venetian window, the sloe lights of which were blocked in 1910/11. Internally the nave and chancel retain almost no original features except for the dentil cornice. Two late 18th century tablets flank the chancel arch. The tower is of four stages. The lowest is plain, and the stage above is more elaborate with advanced central panels; this carries an octagonal lantern surrounded by a Doric colonnade and surmounted by an octagonal spire, linked with the lantern by volutes. The volutes were formerly crowned by urns. Inside the 18th century tower are timbers painted with rosettes, perhaps reused from the former church.

{10} Built 1754 to designs by William and David Hiorne. Restored 1875-79 by J H Hakewill. Refurbished 1910-11.
MATERIALS
Largely ironstone ashlar with slate roofs and limestone ashlar on the tower.
PLAN
Unaisled nave with W tower and S porch. Very shallow chancel.
EXTERIOR
A small church with a tall spire, wholly in a Classical style of the mid C18 except for the C19 neo-Norman windows inserted into the C18 openings and the C19 S porch. The nave N and S facades are designed in 3 bays, the central bay on each side breaking forward slightly and rising to a shallow pediment, an arrangement. A strongly defined plinth, string course, and dentil cornice further divides the facades into three horizontal sections. The appearance of the nave was altered by the replacement of the C18 windows in the 1870s with neo-Romanesque windows of 2 lights with nook shafts and the addition of a faux-medieval S porch, with a door matching the windows replacing the C18 S door. The N door is blocked by a C19 window. The E gable of the nave is expressed as a pediment with a dentil cornice, and the cornice and strings also continue around the chancel. The very shallow chancel has a Venetian E window, the side lights of which were blocked in 1910-11, and a hipped roof. The elegant W tower in the style of Gibbs is the least altered part of the church. The square lower stage repeats the high plinth, intermediate string course, and cornice of the nave. The second stage which breaks the nave roof, is of limestone and has a tall, round headed W window in C18 style. Above this is a slim octagonal stage surrounded by a peristyle of 8 Tuscan columns supporting a cornice and curved buttresses leading to the tall, octagonal spire. The buttresses once supported vases, but these have been removed, presumably by Hakewill. The top of the spire has an iron weathervane.
INTERIOR
The interior walls are plastered and painted, and the flat ceiling has a cornice. There is a plain round arch into the sanctuary recess. A C18 gallery was removed in the 1870s refurbishment and the church reseated. In 1910-11, it was further modified, with the sanctuary lengthened into the nave on a shallow platform. The sanctuary floor is paved in marble, and the walls part panelled with C18 panelling.
PRINCIPAL FIXTURES
C19 Gothic-style font and timber pulpit with blind arcading. Some good C18 and C19 wall tablets in the nave including Francis Brownsmith (d. 1778) and Theophilus Goodfellow, rector (d. 1782), both by William Cox Snr.
HISTORY
Little is known of the medieval church, which was dedicated to the Assumption and described by Bridges in his history of Northamptonshire as having had a chancel and aisled nave. In 1753 it was found to be `greatly decayed' and was demolished the following year. Its replacement, the present building, was built in `a plain, decent, and commodious manner, without unnecessary ornament' probably to designs by William (c. 1712-1776) and David (1715-58) Hiorne (Hiorns or Hiorn) of Warwick, `the leading architects and master builders of Warwick in the middle of the eighteenth century' (Colvin). The attribution rests on an advertisement placed in the Northampton Mercury of 31 March 1755 offering for sale `All the OLD LEAD belonging to Great-Houghton Church', and instructing prospective purchasers to apply to `Mr David Hiorn, or Mr Smith, his Foreman, at Great Houghton aforesaid' (this may suggest David Hiorne as the architect but, in common with much of their work, it is difficult to distinguish between the brothers as designers). William Hiorne trained as a mason and David as a carpenter and joiner; they emerged from the shadow of the Smiths of Warwick, for whom they worked in the 1740s. Their houses are `Palladian or in a simple, almost styleless, Georgian which they managed to invest with elegance' (Gomme). The Hiorne's two other churches were likewise classical in style. A late C18 or early C19 engraving shows the central bay with a six-panelled S door in a surround with a cornice on brackets, and a Diocletian window above it, an arrangement reminiscent of the W front of the Hiorne's contemporary church at Daventry. The Georgian church was overhauled in 1875-79 by J H Hakewill (1810-80) with the insertion of neo-Romanesque windows in the nave, including one blocking the original N door, and a new Romanesque-style S porch; his proposed additions of an apse and organ loft, and the removal of the nave ceiling, were never carried out. Further restoration was carried out in the early C20 when the side lights of the E window were blocked.
SOURCES
Lambeth Palace Library, Incorporated Church Building Society file 07952
Brodie, A et al, Directory of British Architects 1834-1914, vol 1, 2001, 812-13
Colvin, H A, Biographical Dictionary of British Architects, 1600-1840, 4th ed. 2008, 520-23
Pevsner, N and Cherry B, The Buildings of England: Northamptonshire, 1973, 235
Salzman, LF ed, The Victoria History of the Counties of England: Northamptonshire IV (1937), 262-66
Whiffen, M, Stuart and Georgian Churches Outside London, 1603 to 1836, 1947-8, 44 and pl. 79
Gomme, A, William and David Hiorne, in `The Architectural Outsiders', ed. R Brown, 1985, 55
REASONS FOR DESIGNATION
The church of St Mary the Virgin, Great Houghton, is designated at Grade II* for the following principal reasons:
* Architectural interest: Hiorne's classical church is a well-executed design indebted to James Gibbs, exemplifying mid C18 approaches
* Materials: the masonry, of local ironstone, is of high quality
* Victorian alterations: the distinctive Norman Revival phase contrasts markedly with the Hiorne's work, and reflects attitudes to church restoration, and the desire to soften classical churches with medieval touches

{12} Photo dated 1990;

{13} Archaeological observation was undertaken during the construction of a small extension on the north-western corner, and arched drain immediately north, of the current church. A levelling layer was noted close to the church. Finds from this layer included medieval glass fragments and glazed tile.

<1> Clews Architects, 1980s, Database for Listing of Historic Buildings of Special Architectural Interest: Northamptonshire, 24/426 (checked) (Digital archive). SNN102353.

<2> 1976, List of Buildings of Special Architectural or Historic Interest ("Greenback"), H14 (unchecked) (Catalogue). SNN1000.

<3> Bridges J., 1791, The History and Antiquities of Northamptonshire, p.372-73 (unchecked) (Book). SNN77325.

<4> The Victoria History of the Counties of England: Northamptonshire, p.265-66 (unchecked) (Series). SNN10247.

<5> Pevsner N.; Cherry B., 1973, The Buildings of England: Northamptonshire, p.235 (unchecked) (Series). SNN1320.

<6> Drawings, Various, (unchecked) (Drawing). SNN46642.

<7> , 1968, The Church of St Mary, Great Houghton, (unchecked) (Guide). SNN46641.

<8> Royal Commission on The Historical Monuments of England, 1985, An Inventory of The Historical Monuments in The County of Northampton, p.297/Site 9 (checked) (Series). SNN77383.

<9> Richmond H., 1988, Survey of Northamptonshire Parish Churches, (unchecked) (Unpublished Report). SNN1195.

<10> English Heritage, 2000, Listed Buildings Online, (checked) (Database). SNN105526.

<11> Weaver, S. & Roper-Pressdee, S., 2013, Cultural Heritage Desk Based Assessment: Project Gulliver, Brackmills Point, Northampton, Northamptonshire, p.19 (checked) (Report). SNN109452.

<12> Photographs of buildings in Great Houghton (Photographs). SNN112510.

<13> Wolframm-Murray Y., 2016, Archaeological observation at the Church of St Mary, Great Houghton, Northamptonshire, August and November 2015 (Report). SNN110693.

<14> Historic England, Undated, St Mary the Virgin's Church, Great Houghton, BF107324 (Archive). SNN115673.

Record last edited

Dec 17 2024 11:07AM