Building record 8040/1/1 - Charlock Farmhouse and attached outbuildings

Charlock or Challock Farm, Abthorpe. Built c1840 as part of the Duke of Grafton's estate by his Agent John Gardner. New farms were erected at several places on the estate and the famhouses were noted for the rational and formal layout: the three bay houses and lower wings continuing in line or recessed or at right angles, they have low slate roofs; the farm buildings are grouped in a planned relationship to them.

{1} Farmhouse. C.1840. Coursed squared limestone, hipped slate roofs, white brick ridge and lateral stacks. 2-storey, 3-window central block with lower 2-storey, 2-window wings either side. Central double-leaf part-glazed door with panelled reveals and shallow porch of unfluted Doric columns supporting full entablature and pediment. 12-pane sash windows to ground and first floors. Those to central block have stone lintels and keyblocks; those to wings have segmental-arched heads. Central bay breaks forward and has low pedimental gable with string course at base and blank rectangular sunk panel. Plinth and storey band to central block. The symmetrical composition is completed by single-storey outbuilding wings, each with 3 blank round-headed arches with stone sills. That to left houses a 5-bay cartshed open to yard to rear on timber posts. That to right houses various outbuildings and is joined to extensive, much altered range of farm buildings, which largely encloses yard to rear. Interior. House has open-well staircase with stick balusters and ramped and wreathed handrail. Stone flagged floors. One of a number of model farms built for the 4th Duke of Grafton 1839-44. (Buildings of England: Northamptonshire, p.75; The Northamptonshire Landscape, J. Steane, 1974, p.240-1).

{4} Charlock or Challock Farm, Abthorpe. Built c1840 as part of the Duke of Grafton's estate by his Agent John Gardner. New farms were erected at several places on the estate and the famhouses were noted for the rational and formal layout: the three bay houses and lower wings continuing in line or recessed or at right angles, they have low slate roofs; the farm buildings are grouped in a planned relationship to them.

{6} Undated photo, also four photos dated 11/6/91;

{8} Northamptonshire (63 examples recorded to date, gazetteer in NMR, Swindon).
Northamptonshire was a county dominated by large estates. Nearly a third of the area was in estates of over 10,000 acres and there were 38 owners of more than 3,000 acres in 1871. However, according to Caird, ‘many of them have no interest in their farms beyond the annual rent they receive, know nothing of the management of land themselves and do not employ an agent who does.’ As a result ‘their tenants, from deficient buildings and want of drainage are incapacitated from doing justice to their farms’. There were of course exceptions to this general picture. The Spencers of Althorpe were well known for their interest in improvements, the third Earl Spencer being the first President of the Royal Agricultural Society of England. The Duke of Grafton was also influential, and in the 1830s erected well-planned sets of buildings on several of his farms.
The main responsibility of the agent was to see that his employer’s estate produced a profit. This could mean that he might try to keep some of the owner’s more extravagant ideas in check, and here they could be in conflict with the architects whose grandiose schemes might well appear attractive to their patrons. The existence of pattern books meant that many agents, such as John Gardner, working for the Duke of Grafton, were able to adapt published plans to their own purposes. The plain classical steadings around the family seat in Northamptonshire are examples of well-proportioned, functional designs which could have provided very adequately for the requirements of their farms. Many of the designs published by the engineer and inspector to the Land Improvement Companies, John Bailey Denton, in his beautifully illustrated book, The Farm Homesteads of England, published in 1863, were the work of agents rather than architects.
William Bearne, writing in the Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England in 1852, commented on the generally bad state of farm buildings in Northamptonshire. However, he noted a few exceptions, the most obvious of which were those of the Grafton Estate in the parishes of Stoke Bruerne, Foscote, Abthorpe, Shutlanger, Blisworth, Greens Norton and Silverstone. Here the Duke of Grafton had ‘some years ago, remodelled some parts of his estate and erected a considerable quantity of new buildings’. About £20,000 was spent on improvements between 1840 and 1848 under the directions of John Gardner, who designed the buildings himself. The planning and design of these farmsteads, dating from the very beginning of the Victorian era, hark back to the Georgian period. Here, as elsewhere, the traditional E- and U-plan closely link to substantial farmhouses on the fourth side of the yard continued to be the most usual farm layout. The original plans show shelter sheds arranged around large courts, designed to be divided into separate feeding yards. Gardner made no provision for mechanised threshing, although one of the larger farmsteads included a barn at right-angles to the rear shelter sheds, extending into a stack yard allowing for a power source to be drawn alongside. In spite of these, and other well-publicised examples of improvements, much still remained to be done in the 1860s with writers such as Copland being outspoken in their criticism of landlords who refused to provide the necessary capital investment.

{10} [Former list description] Farmhouse. c.1840. Coursed squared limestone, hipped slate roofs. One of a number of model farms built for the 4th Duke of Grafton 1839-44 (for details see List entry NHLE 1371596).

<1> Clews Architects, 1980s, Database for Listing of Historic Buildings of Special Architectural Interest: Northamptonshire, 6/1 (checked) (Digital archive). SNN102353.

<2> List of Buildings of Special Architectural or Historic Interest ("Greenback"), F08 (unchecked) (Catalogue). SNN45262.

<3> Pevsner N.; Cherry B., 1973, The Buildings of England: Northamptonshire, p.75 (checked) (Series). SNN1320.

<4> Steane J., 1974, The Northamptonshire Landscape, p.240-41 (unchecked) (Book). SNN5137.

<5> Lucey, D., 2013, Mile Oak Farm, Towcester, Northamptonshire: Heritage Statement, p.19 (checked) (Report). SNN109745.

<6> Photographs of buildings in Abthorpe (Photographs). SNN111844.

<7> Bond A., 1995, Thematic Survey of Planned and Model Farms: Northamptonshire, (unchecked) (Gazetteer). SNN63075.

<8> Wade Martins S., 2002, The English Model Farm: Building the Agricultural Ideal, 1700 -1914, p.19+118-9+216 (part checked) (Book). SNN102219.

<9> Bailey, B, Pevsner, N, and Cherry, B, 2013, The Buildings of England: Northamptonshire, p. 76 (Book). SNN111989.

<10> List of Buildings of Special Architectural or Historic Interest, [01-Dec-1951] amended [14-Dec-1987] South Northamptonshire (Report). SNN112993.

Record last edited

Mar 25 2025 10:41AM