Monument record 1291/1 - Grafton Underwood WWII Airfield (USAAF & RAF)
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Summary
A former World War Two and Post-War period military airfield, opened in 1942 and closed in 1959. It was originally planned as a Royal Air Force bomber station, but was assigned to the United States Army 8th Air Force, redesignated as Station 106. The original layout had been constructed in 1941, but was not considered adequate for the needs of large American heavy bombers and so was subsequently upgraded in 1942. The runways were lengthened, extra hard standings were added as were two aircraft hangars (type T2). 11 dispersed barrack sites and communal facilities were dispersed to the east of the flying field. On 12-May-1942 the airfield was the first in England to receive an 8th Air Force flying unit (15th Bomb Squadron). It was also the first United Kingdom airfield to launch a major American heavy bomber raid. This was carried out by 342nd and 414th Squadrons of 97th Group, the target was Rouen. Later the airfield was used by the 305th, 96th and 384th Bomb Groups. (The 305th was commanded by Curtis LeMay, who later planned the last bombing offensive against Japan, organised the Berlin airlift, was a senior officer in the Korean War and became Chief of Staff of the American Air Force in 1961 before entering politics). The airfield was also used for the last British based United States Air Force bombing operation of World War Two targeting the Skoda works at Pilsen (now Plzen in the Czech Republic). After the Americans departed in June 1945 the RAF repossessed the station with the 236 Maintenance Unit which disposed of large numbers of surplus motor vehicles which were parked on the runways. Military ownership of Grafton ceased in February 1959. After closure the runways were removed.
Map
Type and Period (5)
- MILITARY AIRFIELD (Initial layout 1941, Second World War - 1941 AD to 1941 AD)
- MILITARY AIRFIELD (WWII from 1941, Second World War - 1941 AD to 1945 AD)
- MILITARY AIRFIELD (Upgraded 1942, Second World War - 1942 AD to 1942 AD)
- RUNWAY (Upgraded 1942, Second World War - 1942 AD to 1942 AD)
- MILITARY DEPOT (Post war until 1959, Second World War to Mid 20th Century - 1945 AD to 1959 AD)
Full Description
{1} Selection of annotated photographs.
{2} The airfield came into use in late 1941 and by early 1942 served as the satellite for Polebrook. Americans arrived at Grafton Underwood in May 1942. Incendiaries were dropped on a nissen hut in June of that year. Parts of the 97th Bomb Group and successively the 305th and 96th, and 384th Bomb Groups were based here. After the Americans departed in June 1945 the RAF repossessed the station with the 236 Maintenance Unit which disposed of large numbers of surplus motor vehicles. Military ownership of Grafton ceased in February 1959. Bowyer reports that the remaining buildings include the operations block and that the bomb dump to the east "can be made out".
{3} Airfield built by G. Wimpey & Co Ltd. Construction involved the destruction of two avenues of trees plus the buildings comprising Rectory Farm and Grafton Lodge Farm. Plan (Fig 6) depicts the location of main features including those placed in surrounding woodland. (Additional detail to that on the plan by Gibson of 1982). "… the living area consisted of wood and canvas hut constructions, the more permanent buildings being brick-built mess halls and clubs." Buildings included "a hospital, cinema and chapel." Officially known as Station 106 it "became an itegral part of the Eighth American Army Air Force."
{4} Home of the 97th Bombardment Group (Heavy) of the 8th Air Force. Lists other units based there briefly. B17 Flying Fortresses flew their first and last missions over Europe from here. A stained glass window in Grafton church commemorates the USAAF occupation of the site.
{5} Plan of the airfield and associated sites made in August 1944; also a list of resident flying units and an aerial photo from April 1951. USAAF Station 106, airfield code GU, elevation 388ft amsl. Summary (p.209-10): 384th Bomb Group, Grafton Underwood 314 missions; 9348 aircraft sorties; 22415 US tons bombs dropped; 154 aircraft went missing.
{7} Grafton Underwood/ Station 106 was originally planned as a Royal Air Force bomber station, but was assigned the the United States Army 8th Air Force, redesignated as Station 106. The original layout had been constructed in 1941, but was not considered adequate for the needs of large American heavy bombers and so was subsequently upgraded in 1942. The runways were lengthened, extra hard standings were added as were two aircraft hangars (type T2). 11 dispersed barrack sites and communal facilities were dispersed to the east of the flying field. On 12-May-1942 the airfield was the first in England to receive an 8th Air Force flying unit (15th Bomb Squadron). It was also the first United Kingdom airfield to launch a major American heavy bomber raid. This was carried out by 342nd and 414th Squadrons of 97th Group, the target was Rouen. Later the airfield was used by the 305th, 96th and 384th Bomb Groups. The 305th was commanded by Curtis LeMay. Post-war the airfield was used for the storage repair and sale of Air Ministry vehicles, which were parked on the runways. After closure the runways were removed.
{8} Grafton Underwood Airfield was not only the first UK airfield to launch Major American Heavy Bomber raid, it was also the last British base to launch a raid by American bombers in World War Two. This was on the Skoda works at Pilsen.
{10} Curtis LeMay: After service with 305 Bombardment Group based in Britain Curtis Lemay went on to plan the final bombing offensive on Japan and later organized the Berlin Air Lift. He was head of Strategic Air Command from 1948 to 1957, and was Chief of Staff of the Air Force in 1961. He retired from active service in 1965.
{11} A survey of numerous websites shows that General Curtis E. Lemay was an influential and sometimes controversial World War Two and Cold War tactician and commander who figured heavily in the Cuban Missile Crisis, and the Korean War. He was allegedly the model for the American general in Peter Seller's Film, "Dr. Strangelove". He later attempted a career in politics and died in 1990.
<1> 1978, Northamptonshire at War 1939-45: A Selection of Photographs, p.121-4 (unchecked) (Book). SNN39875.
<2> Bowyer M.J.F., 1990, Action Stations 6: Military Airfields of The Cotswolds and The Central Midlands, (unchecked) (Book). SNN39505.
<3> 1991, GRAFTON UNDERWOOD, REF: LM/OCT.91 (unchecked) (Leaflet). SNN39870.
<4> Northamptonshire Enterprise, 1994, World War II American Airfield Nostalgia, (checked) (Pamphlet). SNN28528.
<5> Gibson M.L., 1982, Aviation In Northamptonshire: An Illustrated History, p.209-10+256-57 (unchecked) (Book). SNN100276.
<6> Willis, S. and Holliss, B., 1987, Military airfields in the British Isles 1939-1945, p. 90 (Book). SNN111556.
<7> Freeman, R.A., 1978, Airfields of the eighth: then and now, p. 102-4 (Book). SNN111557.
<8> Airfield Research Group, 1996, Airfield Review, p. 30-1 (Journal). SNN114121.
<9> Ordnance Survey Map (Scale/date), 1:10000, 1975 (Map). SNN112944.
<10> All Star Network, "Curtis E.LeMay", updated 12-MAR-2004. Accessed 14-APR-2004 (Website). SNN114122.
<11> ORAL REPORT, Compiler's Comment, Robin Page, 14-APR-2004 (Oral Report). SNN53287.
Sources/Archives (11)
- <1> SNN39875 Book: 1978. Northamptonshire at War 1939-45: A Selection of Photographs. NORTHAMPTONSHIRE LIBRARIE. p.121-4 (unchecked).
- <2> SNN39505 Book: Bowyer M.J.F.. 1990. Action Stations 6: Military Airfields of The Cotswolds and The Central Midlands. Patrick Stephens Limited. (unchecked).
- <3> SNN39870 Leaflet: 1991. GRAFTON UNDERWOOD. REF: LM/OCT.91. KETTERING BOROUGH COUNCIL. REF: LM/OCT.91 (unchecked).
- <4> SNN28528 Pamphlet: Northamptonshire Enterprise. 1994. World War II American Airfield Nostalgia. Northants Enterprises. (checked).
- <5> SNN100276 Book: Gibson M.L.. 1982. Aviation In Northamptonshire: An Illustrated History. N.C.C.(Libraries Service). p.209-10+256-57 (unchecked).
- <6> SNN111556 Book: Willis, S. and Holliss, B.. 1987. Military airfields in the British Isles 1939-1945. p. 90.
- <7> SNN111557 Book: Freeman, R.A.. 1978. Airfields of the eighth: then and now. p. 102-4.
- <8> SNN114121 Journal: Airfield Research Group. 1996. Airfield Review. 72. p. 30-1.
- <9> SNN112944 Map: Ordnance Survey Map (Scale/date). 1:10000, 1975.
- <10> SNN114122 Website: All Star Network. "Curtis E.LeMay". http://www.allstar.fiu.edu/aero/lemay.ht. 72. updated 12-MAR-2004. Accessed 14-APR-2004.
- <11> SNN53287 Oral Report: ORAL REPORT. Compiler's Comment, Robin Page, 14-APR-2004.
Finds (0)
Related Monuments/Buildings (16)
- Parent of: Airfield Memorial Stone (Building) (1291/1/12)
- Parent of: Bomb Stores Area, Grafton Underwood Airfield (Monument) (1291/1/16)
- Parent of: Bomb Stores Area, Grafton Underwood Airfield (Monument) (1291/1/17)
- Parent of: Communal Site No 3, Grafton Park Wood (Monument) (1291/1/8)
- Parent of: Complex of Probable WWII Buildings (Monument) (1291/1/10)
- Parent of: Possible WWII Ablutions & Drying Rooms? (Building) (1291/1/11)
- Parent of: Probable WWII Building (Building) (1291/1/9)
- Parent of: WW2 Dispersed Site 9, Grafton Underwood Airfield (Monument) (1291/1/18)
- Parent of: WW2 Stanton shelter, RAF Grafton Underwood (Building) (1291/1/14)
- Parent of: WWII Airfield Runways (Morphed Aerial Archaeology Interpretation) (Monument) (1291/1/1)
- Parent of: WWII Base Operations Building, Grafton Underwood Airfield (Building) (1291/1/3)
- Parent of: WWII Battle Headquarters, Grafton Underwood Airfield (Monument) (1291/1/2)
- Parent of: WWII Bomb Site Store & Workshop (Building) (1291/1/7)
- Parent of: WWII Pillbox (Building) (1291/1/5)
- Parent of: WWII Pillbox, Grafton Underwood Airfield (Building) (1291/1/15)
- Parent of: WWII Pillbox/MG Post (Building) (1291/1/4)
Related Events/Activities (1)
Location
Grid reference | Centred SP 92600 81314 (3223m by 1761m) Approximate |
---|---|
Civil Parish | GRAFTON UNDERWOOD, North Northamptonshire (formerly Kettering District) |
Protected Status/Designation
- None recorded
Other Statuses/References
- NRHE HOB UID: 1395839
Record last edited
Feb 10 2025 7:34PM