Monument record 1160/1 - Northampton Castle

It has been traditionally stated the castle was built by Simon de Senlis, 1st Earl of Northampton, although there is no primary documentary proof of this. It is possible that he started construction of a castle in the late 11th century, which was later replaced. The first documentary evidence is in 1122 when Henry I spent Easter at the castle; its construction must have been ongoing for some years prior to that date, possibly soon after 1100. Archaeological excavation supports an early 12th century date for its construction. Through the 12th and 13th centuries it was a major royal castle, with frequent documented royal visits and a venue for Parliaments and other major events, such as the trial of Thomas Becket in 1164 during the reign of Henry II. Thereafter, it declined in importance, with the last Northampton Parliament in 1380, during the reign of Richard II. The castle was sold by Henry VIII in the 16th century, but saw a final episode of refurbishment and garrisoning in the mid 17th century, during the Civil War. Following the Civil War and the Fire of Northampton in 1675, the gaol and court house, the last civic functions that remained within the castle, were relocated to the newly rebuilt town, and much of the stonework was probably robbed as part of the rebuilding. The remainder was almost entirely destroyed in 1880 during the building of the railway station. Various archaeological excavations have revealed evidence of pre-castle late Saxon occupation.

{1} Castle lies at west end of town on small eminence; only a small part still survives.According to the 'Vita et passio Waldevi comitis' Simon de Senlis I constructed the castle (Giles 1854, 18) but some earlier work dating from soon after the Norman Conquest is possible. Waltheof, the Saxon Earl of Northampton, married King William's niece, the Countess Judith, but was subsequently executed for treason in 1076. Simon de Senlis I married Maud, the daughter of Waltheof and Judith, and was probably granted the earldom and the town of Northampton by William Rufus in 1089. Simon died sometime between 1111 and 1113 but the family remained important until the latter part of the 12th century.

In 1130 the king paid the monks of St. Andrew's 3s. 8d. For land taken into 'his castle', indicating that the castle was then in royal hands but the first building works noted occurred in 1173–4 when the houses of the keep and other buildings were repaired for £32 17s. An additional £107 was spent on the keep in 1181–3 and further work was undertaken in 1192–3.
King John's recorded expenditure on the castle amounted to about £300 and a similar sum was spent in 1217-19 of which more than half related to the tower. Further constructional and decorative work continued to the middle of the century. In 1248 the king ordered the palisade round the great outer bailey to be repaired and in 1251 the sheriff was authorised to repair the castle and bailey wall adjacent to the Nene. In 1258/9 repairs to the gaol and other work were undertaken. In 1266 the king ordered the wall on the W. side of the castle to be repaired and the palisade outside the castle on the same side to be replaced by a stone wall and in 1266/7 £200 was spent on repairs. Approximately £100 was spent on repairs to the castle in 1280–1 and £150 in 1287–8.
By the C14th the castle was in a poor state of repair according to a survey of 1322-3. In 1329 the great hall was repaired for justices itinerant and a new prison was built in 1385-6. By now its militarily function was unimportant and it served mainly as a county hall and gaol. By 1593 the castle was described as in ruinous state but the 1610 map by John Speed shows its walls reasonably intact. The castle was partly demolished after the Restoration, and in 1879 the greater part of its remains were destroyed by LNWR during railway development. Archaeological evidence is consistent with an earth and timber castle constructed during the time of Waltheof or Simon de Senlis I with work on great medieval castle probably sometime shortly after Simon's death.

A survey of the castle in 1322/3 indicates that the castle contained a great hall with a long chamber adjacent to the hall to the E. and the great chamber next to the hall to the W. There was also a lower chapel. Besides a new tower there were six small towers. A keep is mentioned and a further chapel; one of the chapels was dedicated to St. George. A plan of 1743 indicates that the inner bailey of the castle contained 3½ acres (1.4 ha.) with the outer bailey a similar size and that the total area of the castle, including defences, amounted to about 15 acres (6.1 ha.) (Serjeantson 1908).

A survey of the castle in 1863 showed the inner bailey enclosed by a ditch with the remains of a substantial wall on the W. and S. sides. Two massive buttresses supported the wall on the W. side and the remains of a projecting circular bastion were visible in the S. wall. In front of the main gate of the castle, which was on the N. side, was a triple rampart of earth. Various other walls formed fragments of buildings in the S.W. quadrant of the enclosed area. A substantial mound about 30 m. across, in the N.W. quarter, possibly formed the base of the keep but only a single wall was recorded in this area (Law 1879–80).

{2} Remains of structures so fragmentary that no distinct plan can be made; masonry of exhumed walls of coursed rubble walling with few exceptions; most of wall marked F on plan built of good masonry& faced with fair ashlar work; foundations for walls marked A & B deeper than rest; to east considerable portion of buttressed wall recovered with remains of doorway marked G on plan; evidence of burning to stone work again; fragments of tiles found in walled areas marked H & I on plan marking floor; cess pit revealed close to possible original barbican & marked K on plan; well also discovered over to east of area of buildings & marked L on plan; features marked M & N small
fragments of walling one of which indicated presence of doorway; note at end of report adds discovery of another well near postern gate in 1880.

{3} East view of castle was produced for John Bridges; it shows what could be well in north-east corner of moat.

{4} The present castle is said to have been raised by first earl of Northampton Simon St Liz at time of William The Conqueror; general view from the west side with plan and profile of the castle. The plan indicates surviving castle walls; Castle Hill is also illustrated.

{5} Simon de St.Liz probably erected the castle here and possibly on the site of an earlier fortification; no mention is made of the castle in Domesday however. The castle was defended on three sides by a deep ditch or foss and the river served as natural barrier on western side. It was possessed by Henry II and afterwards entrusted to the constable appointed by the king. In the civil war of 1246 Simon de Montfort was the castle's governor on behalf of the barons. It was again taken by the king and remained in possession of the crown until 1329 when it was given to the sheriff. In 1662 the king ordered the demolition of the walls, gates and part of castle. Prior to 1675 the castle was used as the county gaol and two courts of justice were held there. The site of the castle was eventually sold to Robert Haselrig.

{6} Castle stands hard by the west gate and covers a large area.

{7} Near to the town stands an eminent castle in a ruinous state.

{8} The castle was built by Simon de St Liz soon after Norman conquest and was possibly constructed on site of an earlier fortification but not referenced in Domesday. Most of the castle is now gone with only a few fragments of foundation walls and parts of fosses remaining. The general extent and character of the earthworks may still be traced.

{9} Giggins lists the medieval documentary references to the castle from Sarjeantson's articles. The references include instances of work/repairs undertaken at the castle and notable historic details. Castle was built by the Earl of Northampton and Huntingdon, Simon de St Liz I, in the C11th. After his death it probably passes into the king's hands. Following the king's death the castle passed to Simon de St Liz II who later becomes the Earl of Northampton. A great council was summoned at Northampton by Henry II in 1164 three years after the crown has again taken possession of the castle. In 1164 the trial and condemnation of Thomas Becket takes place in the castle. Contemporary accounts were written which mention the great gate, great hall, upper chamber, inner chamber, courtyard and chapel. In 1174 King William of Scotland was imprisoned in the castle. A Great Council was held by King Richard in 1194, and a further Great Council was held in 1199 to swear allegiance to John on the death of Richard. In 1208 the Royal Treasury was moved from London to Northampton for a short while. In 1215 the barons laid seige to the castle for two weeks. One month later the royal garrison was attacked by the town and the crown responded by burning part of town. Following Magna Carta in 1215 the king agrees to give the castle to the barons but does not without a further seige. In 1216 wood for joists and rafters was ordered from Northampton Park.
The repair of the castle gaol mentioned in 1220/21 and 1223; in 1227 the bridge, barn and farriery were repaired; 1235 Great chamber floor repaired; 1236 a round window inserted into the chapel, 1236-48 improvements to the queens apartments, including Queens Chapel. A lime kiln is mentioned in 1252. By 1253-60 the west wall was
close to collapse, certain towers were roofless and the gaol was useless. Henry III ordered the west wall repairs in 1266, although it collapsed in March. In the 14th century, buildings mentioned include the keep, stable, great hall, old hall, justices hall and bakehouse.

{10} Between 1109-16 Simon de St Liz dies and the castle probably passes into the king's hands; when king dies the castle was passed to Simon de St Liz II. Three years after death of Simon de St Liz II Henry II reclaims the castle for the Crown.

{11} Details of people and events associated with Northampton Castle. From the late C14th the castle ceased to be important and was used chiefly as the County Gaol. Various records of appointment of gaolers. It was still being used as a gaol even when falling into disrepair in the C16/17th. During the Civil War it was held by Parliament and at this time the castle was probably repaired, and probably housed Royalist prisoners, although following Naseby some prisoners were housed in the town's churches. Following Restoration in 1662 an order was sent for the sleighting of the town and demolition of the castle. The orders said to retain as little as would be needed to shelter Justices of The Bench only. In 1665 two batches of Quakers were tried at the castle and sentenced to transportation. In 1670 it was proposed to build a new hall for The Quarter Sessions and Assizes, and following its removal to the town centre the castle soon fell into absolute ruin, eventually serving as a stone quarry for the rebuilding of the town devastated by The Great Fire of 1675. A list of Constables of The Castle is given. A plan of castle is based on Law's earthwork and building surveys with the known building locations and superimposed Ordnance Survey data.

{12} Translation of contemporary account of Thomas Becket's trial in 1164.

{14} Shows castle walls still reasonably intact, however notes differ "….up on west part of town stands large castle mounted on hill….whose gaping chinks daily threaten downfall of her walls…."; only pictorial representation of castle prior to sleighting.

{15} Four fifths of the enclosed keep and part of the outer bailey were removed in 1879 to expand the station site: this involved removing the castle mound down to flood plain level leaving a high wall supporting St Andrew’s Road. The remainder of the keep consists of a semi-circle of castle ditch (the east and the starts of the north and south sides) and the internal rampart, and a small area of the interior. Houses had been built on the top of the rampart and are still evident as brick foundations.

{18} Northampton Castle stood at west end of the medieval town, lying to the north of the west gate and bridge, and occupying what had been much of north-west quarter of late Saxon Northampton. The building of the castle is attributed to Simon de Senlis I, suggesting a date around 1100, but the documented castle probably belongs to the period between Senlis I's death circa 1112 and the accession of Simon de Senlis II to the earldom of Northampton in 1138, during which time the castle was in royal hands. Land was taken into the castle from St Andrew's Priory in 1130. During the C12/13th this was a royal castle of considerable importance, and resulted in a wealth of documentary evidence. It was still of some importance in the C14th and substantial repairs to its buildings were carried out then, however few repairs to the defences are documented and the process of decay had already begun. Decline left it little more than a ruin by the C16th. Some clearing out of the defensive ditches occurred during Civil War refurbishment but this was closely followed by active destruction in 1662 following the Restoration. It is likely that the castle merely served as a 'stone quarry' for the re-building of the town following the great fire of 1675. Some ruins survived until the C19th, and until encroachment of the growing town and developing railway system led to almost total destruction.

{19} Castle built outside the borough liberties by Earl Simon I. From this time it passed into royal hands sometime before 1130 and the castle then functioned as a royal residence and stronghold, a county government office and prison. The castle was still outside the jurisdiction of the borough in 1655. When demolished by order of Charles II in 1662 the king also ordered that such should remain as necessary for shelter of Justice's of Bench. In 1670 however the Assizes moved to the Market Cross and no use remained for castle. The greater part of the site was destroyed by LNWR Company in 1880.

{26} Continued detailed history of events and people associated with castle between C13-14th. An early C14th survey is also detailed and it is speculated that repairs to castle were never fully carried out.

{30} Medieval chess bishop made from antler found in 1879-80.

{32} Sketch of horseshoes, apparently found at the castle, newspaper cuttings re demolition of castle, notes, sketches, measurements, sections, drawings of finds and remains of castle, plan of town walls and castle, maps, drawings of mason's marks;

{33} Mr Childs said the excavation of 1962-3 was carried out at SP 7493 6054. Now waste ground, the grid is still visible but the only recognisable feature is a crumbling portion of wall-see photo. For rebuilt portion see photo.

The topographical situation of the castle is - St Andrew's Road and to the west, river plain; the east boundary of the road is a river terrace and the ground beyond is generally much higher. Here was probably the site of the early castle uncovered by the excavations. The slopes about the Dancing School, Castle Hill are modern and came about through the re-alignment and re-levelling of Castle Terrace. See derived 25" Map Diagram of Medieval Northampton for previous situation.

{35} Listed by Cathcart King.

{37} J Alexander for the Ministry of Works investigated the defences of the inner bailey and the small remaining part of its interior in 1961.

{54} Plan of the castle within Sir Arthur Hesilrige's estate'.

{55} "….I entered this beautiful town by the west gate and passed beneath the remains of a castle of which nothing survives apart from the outer wall and foss.

{56} Castle was built by Simon de St Liz Earl of Northampton in 1084. The river is at the foot on west side. Most of the remains were pulled down soon after Restoration. A small part of the outer wall survives as a fence to the area of the castle now used as a field.

{57} Since Norden's time most of castle has been swept away or levelled. Only a few fragments of the foundation walls and parts of the fosses remain. The general extent and character of the earthworks may still be traced [was this later repeated by Wetton & Whellan or has there been some confusion in sources?].

{58} The Castle was built by Simon de St Liz. It was the favoured fortification of King John in 1215. Little remains except extensive earthworks and a large esplanade of an irregular oblong surrounded by a very strong wall of red stone rising out of a deep ditch.

{61} Report on meeting of The Architectural Society and a talk given on Samuel Sharp's paper. General discussion of the castle background and a list of objects exhibited as given in AASR 1881 vol.16.

{62} Account of the 1253 survey of the castle on the appointment of a new Constable.

{63} Founded by Simon de St.Liz. He died returning from his second visit to the crusades and the castle and earldom of Northampton then passed to his widow's second husband Prince David of Scotland. It is likely that at this time ownership of the castle passed into royal hands. Eventually the earldom passed to Simon de St Liz II and then on to his son Simon III. Includes a detailed history of events and people associated with castle up to C13th including trial of Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Becket. In 1176 Assize of Northampton was passed which decreed systematic deployment of "Itinerant Justices" in six circuits to cover England under supervision of three judges. Accounts of finances coming into castle to maintain its security.

{65} In 1130 the sheriff paid 3s.8d. To St Andrew's for land taken into King's castle. The castle of Northampton at least from this day forward was regarded as one of Royal Castles of England.

{67} Appears to be taken straight from Speed's map of 1610.

{70} Story of the event of Civil War occupation of the castle. Illustration of castle shown but its origin and date are unknown.

{71} Notes from other sources; no additional data.

{72} Evidence of stone robbing and decay of the castle from the late C16th onwards. Some robber trenches belong to the period of permitted "quarrying" after 1668 and following destruction.

{73} In the 12th and 13th centuries, Northampton Castle was one of the principle fortesses of the Kingdom. Although built by the earl of Northampton, it passed to Royal control after his death in 1111. It occupied a site in the north-west quarter of the Norman city and a number of Saxon dwellings were cleared to make space for its extensive earthworks. The area that the original castle occupied must have been enlarged when castle passed into royal hands as Henry I paid rental to St Andrew's Priory for additional land taken into the castle. The second earl took possession on Henry's death in 1130, retaining it until his death in 1153, after which it passed to Royal hands for the remainder of its history. The great keep contained the principle chambers, including the hall and chapel. A gaol is also documented. In the early 13th century the outer wooden palisade was partly replaced by a stone wall. Simon de Montfort made the castle his headquarters in 1264, but Henry IIIs forces were able to enter and secure the town. No attempt was made to hold the castle which was probably not capable of serious defence.

There is evidence of continued sporadic expenditure into the 14th century, but a survey of 1323 estimated that £702 would be needed to rebuild the hall, lower chapel and long chamber which had been burnt down in 1318, and a further £395 was needed to repair the walls, towers and other buildings. The expenditure was not authorised, although the great hall was repaired for the sessions of the justices itinerant. A new prison was built in 1385-6 and from then onwards, this was the main function the castle area.

Having sided with the Parliamentarians in the Civil War, the town walls were pulled down after the Restoration and the castle partly demolished.

{74} Simon Senlis constructed the castle in the late C11th, and sited it on a large mound bounded on three sides by a moat and the fourth by the river. It was located strategically in the centre of England and close to good hunting in the Rockingham Forest. Gives a brief history of events associated with the castle.

{85} Website containing collection of 19th century photos of site taken from Northampton Libraries collection.

{88} Northampton Castle was probably built in the early 12th century, occupying part of the late Saxon town. It was a major royal castle through the 12th and 13th centuries, but during the 14th century royal visits declined. Thereafter it was used as a jail, but following the Northampton fire of 1675, the jail and court was moved to the town and the castle buildings and walls were used as a stone quarry to supply the rebuilding of the town. It survived as a ruin until the late 19th century, when much of the castle was demolished and the ground level reduced by quarrying to form the level area still occupied by the rail station and associated goods yard; the latter now forming the extensive station car park.
The study shows that the development area takes in much of the former Outer Bailey of the castle, which was defended by a bank, wall and ditch. There are no records that any medieval buildings had stood within this area, which may primarily have served as a gathering ground for troops and the stage for major events such as tournaments. The proposed development are includes a Scheduled Ancient Monument. This comprises a mound that includes the only surviving part of the outer bailey of the castle, where the medieval ground surface could be intact, although the limited extent of this area leaves the archaeological resource it contains of limited value. The area of raised car aprk to the west of this is much lower but may contain some truncated archaeological remains. In addition, the corner on the eastern side of the junction of St Andrews Road and Marefair may contain part of the inner bailey defences, and it has been speculated that there may have been a gateway in this area. Finally, the former Postern Gate, which is a listed building, is a rebuilding of a gateway originally located on the western side of the castle, and the redevelopment could be utilised to enhance its setting and appreciation either in its present location or elsewhere.

{91} An earth resistance and GPR survey took place on a narrow strip of open ground on the eastern side of St Andrew's Road in 2017. It provided a transect across the inner bailey, north gate and barbican of Northampton Castle. While the resistance survey did not identify any significant features, the GPR survey identified several wall foundations, most of which are likely to be medieval in date.

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<88> Chapman A., 2004, Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment of Land at Castle Station, Northampton, (unchecked) (Report). SNN104686.

<89> Various, Northampton Castle- rolled plans and drawings (Map). SNN110121.

<90> Mynard, D.C., 1972, Northampton Castle (Report). SNN3841.

<91> Crank, N. (Editor), 2018, South Midlands Archaeology (48), p. 65 (Journal). SNN111393.

<92> Walford, J & Ladocha, J., 2018, Topographic survey on the site of Northampton Castle, St Andrew’s Road, Northampton (Report). SNN111508.

<93> Chapman, A, 2021, Late Saxon and Saxo-Norman occupation beneath the Outer Bailey of Northampton Castle (Article). SNN112912.

<94> Chapman, A, 2021, Excavation within the Outer Bailey of Northampton Castle, 2013-15, p. 191-255 (Article). SNN112915.

<95> Historic England, Undated, Photographs of Northampton Castle (Archive). SNN115649.

<96> Calendar of Pipe Rolls, 10 Edward II memb.34 (unchecked) (Document). SNN3785.

<97> Calendar of Pipe Rolls, 29 Henry II (unchecked) (Document). SNN3785.

<98> Calendar of Close Rolls (undated), 1259-61/289 (unchecked) (Document). SNN2187.

<99> Calendar of Close Rolls (undated), 8 Henry III/M.15 (unchecked) (Document). SNN2187.

<100> Calendar of Liberate Rolls, 1251-60/66 (unchecked) (Document). SNN3497.

<101> 1279-88, Calendar of Close Rolls (1279-88), 30+88+505 (unchecked) (Document). SNN3958.

<102> Calendar of Patent Rolls, 1327-30/44 (unchecked) (Document). SNN978.

<103> Calendar of Pipe Rolls, 35 VII b./17 (unchecked) (Document). SNN3785.

<104> Calendar of Patent Rolls, 32 Edward I memb.26 (unchecked) (Document). SNN978.

<105> 1253, SURVEY, (unchecked) (Document). SNN3933.

<106> Calendar of Pipe Rolls, 20 Henry II/55 (unchecked) (Document). SNN3785.

<107> Calendar of Pipe Rolls, 3 Stephen (unchecked) (Document). SNN3785.

<108> Calendar of Close Rolls (undated), 9 Edward I/M.7 (unchecked) (Document). SNN2187.

<109> Calendar of Close Rolls (undated), 16 John/M.5 (unchecked) (Document). SNN2187.

<110> Calendar of Liberate Rolls, 5 Edward III m.10 (unchecked) (Document). SNN3497.

<111> Calendar of Pipe Rolls, 2 Henry III rot.6 (unchecked) (Document). SNN3785.

<112> CHANCELLORS ROLL, (unchecked) (Document). SNN4381.

<113> Calendar of Pipe Rolls, 37 Henry III rot.13 (unchecked) (Document). SNN3785.

<114> Calendar of Close Rolls (undated), 1 Edward II/M.1 (unchecked) (Document). SNN2187.

<115> ROTT LIT CLAUS, 137 (unchecked) (Document). SNN4480.

<116> Calendar of Pipe Rolls, 5 Henry II rot.13 (unchecked) (Document). SNN3785.

<117> Miscellaneous Chancery Inquisitions, (unchecked) (Document). SNN4378.

<118> Calendar of Close Rolls (undated), 16 Edward I/M.7 (unchecked) (Document). SNN2187.

<119> Calendar of Close Rolls (undated), 6 Henry III/M.7 (unchecked) (Document). SNN2187.

<120> Calendar of Liberate Rolls, 48 Henry III m.3 (unchecked) (Document). SNN3497.

<121> 1662, DOMESTIC PAPERS, F.64 (Document). SNN4355.

<122> Calendar of Pipe Rolls, 5 Richard I (unchecked) (Document). SNN3785.

<123> Calendar of Patent Rolls, 8 Richard II pt.1 memb.29 (unchecked) (Document). SNN978.

<124> EASTMAN, NORTHAMPTON CASTLE, 31 (Uncertain). SNN4357.

<125> FOREIGN ACCOUNTS, (unchecked) (Document). SNN4145.

<126> Calendar of Pipe Rolls, 54 Henry III rot.15d+16 (unchecked) (Document). SNN3785.

<127> ROTT LIT CLAUS, 363+408 (unchecked) (Document). SNN4050.

<128> 1346-9, Calendar of Close Rolls (1346-9), 196 (unchecked) (Document). SNN4388.

<129> Calendar of Close Rolls (undated), 3 Edward III/M.4+9+13 (unchecked) (Document). SNN2187.

<130> Calendar of Patent Rolls, 1381-5/436 (unchecked) (Document). SNN978.

<131> Calendar of Close Rolls (undated), 7 John/M.14 (unchecked) (Document). SNN2187.

<132> Calendar of Close Rolls (undated), 6 Edward I/M.6 (unchecked) (Document). SNN2187.

<133> Calendar of Liberate Rolls, 1226-40/44 (unchecked) (Document). SNN3497.

<134> Calendar of Liberate Rolls, 1251-60/438 (unchecked) (Document). SNN3497.

<135> Calendar of Pipe Rolls, 10 Edward I rot.40 (unchecked) (Document). SNN3785.

<136> Calendar of Pipe Rolls, 11 Henry II rot.10d (unchecked) (Document). SNN3785.

<137> Calendar of Liberate Rolls, 36 Henry III memb.15 (unchecked) (Document). SNN3497.

<138> Calendar of Pipe Rolls, 28 Henry II (unchecked) (Document). SNN3785.

<139> Calendar of Close Rolls (undated), 1256-60/336+356+360 (unchecked) (Document). SNN2187.

<140> Calendar of Patent Rolls, 32 Edward I memb.16 (unchecked) (Document). SNN978.

<141> Calendar of Pipe Rolls, 43 Henry II rot. 5+6d (unchecked) (Document). SNN3785.

<142> Calendar of Liberate Rolls, 33 Henry III memb.3 (unchecked) (Document). SNN3497.

<143> Calendar of Close Rolls (undated), 1247-51/512 (unchecked) (Document). SNN2187.

<144> Calendar of Pipe Rolls, 10 Edward II memb.34 (unchecked) (Document). SNN3785.

<145> Calendar of Pipe Rolls, 43 Henry II rot. 5+6d (unchecked) (Document). SNN3785.

Record last edited

Jun 24 2025 10:45AM